Название: Restraint, Conflict, and the Fall of the Roman Republic
Автор: Paul Belonick
Издательство: Oxford University Press
Год: 2023
Страниц: 241
Язык: английский
Формат: pdf (true), epub (true)
Размер: 13.4 MB

Strongly-held values can stabilize a society. They can also splinter it. In Restraint, Conflict, and the Fall of the Roman Republic, Paul Belonick explores the moral paradoxes of Republican Rome. He describes how aristocrats engaged in "performative politics," aggressively seeking self-advancement with a competitiveness that fueled the expansion of an empire. But, paradoxically, Roman orators and authors also emphasized the need for self-control, moderation, and temperance. Scholars have long suggested that this moral obsession with self-control was merely a social marker of aristocratic status, but Belonick argues that the Roman focus on self-control solidified their peculiar, competitive, semi-formal government.

Belonick then considers how values of restraint could both stabilize and de-stabilize Rome's political system. As conflicts arose over how to apply these values to novel circumstances, competitors saw each other as desecrating Republican principles and therefore as targets to be eradicated. Belonick illustrates both sides of the Roman paradox: how values of self-control legitimized the Romans' competition and supported their fluid social structure and political institutions―and then tore the Republic apart. Restraint, Conflict, and the Fall of the Roman Republic presents a fresh perspective on the collapse of one of the most prominent societies in history.

In June 43 bc, an anxious Cicero wrote to his friend Brutus. Julius Caesar was dead at Brutus’ hand, but civil war continued, while an “internal disease” in the Republic “grew more severe daily.” Young Octavian—the future Emperor Augustus, by now styling himself “Caesar” after his assassinated great-uncle—seemed prey to a frightening desire for power, and the city was restive. And so Cicero feared for the Republic: it should have been immortal, he lamented, but was not, because nothing inhibited insolent would-be despots from demanding as much as they had the power to take:

Neither reason (ratio), nor moderation (modus), nor law (lex), nor custom (mos), nor duty has any strength, nor do the judgment and esteem of the citizenry (existimatio civium), nor shame (verecundia) at what posterity will think. To Cicero, these forces of restraint normally prevented ambitious men from disrupting the state. In his eyes, they were failing, and res publica with them.