Автор: Vincent J.M. DiMaio Название: Gunshot Wounds: Practical Aspects of Firearms, Ballistics, and Forensic Techniques, 3rd Edition Издательство: CRC Press Год: 2015 ISBN: 978-1498725699 Серия: Practical Aspects of Criminal and Forensic Investigations (Book 62) Язык: English Формат: pdf Размер: 13,4 mb Страниц: 377
The book describes practical aspects of ballistics, wound ballistics, and the classification of various wounds caused by handguns, rifles, and shotguns. It also explains autopsy techniques and procedures and laboratory analyses relating to weapons and gunshot evidence. A much-needed update after nearly 20 years, the third edition of Gunshot Wounds provides the latest and most thorough information on firearms and best practices for examining firearm-related wounds.
Foreword xvii Acknowledgments xix Editor’s Note xxi
1 Firearms and Ammunition 1
Small Arms 1 Handguns 1 Single-Shot Pistols 1 Derringers 1 Revolvers 1 Autoloading Pistols (Automatics) 4 Rifles 9 Assault Rifles 9 Shotguns 11 Submachine Guns/Machine Pistols 11 Machine Guns 12 Personal Defense Weapons 12 Caliber Nomenclature for Rifled Weapons 12 Ammunition 14 Cartridge Cases 14 Head Stamps 16 Primers 17 Propellants 18 Bullets 21 Lead Bullets 22 Jacketed Bullets 23 Lead-Free Ammunition 24 Frangible Rounds 24 Caseless Ammunition 25 Flint and Percussion Weapons 25 Civilian Firearms in the United States 26 Right-to-Carry Permits 27 Source of Firearms Used by Criminals 28 References 28 General References 28
2 Forensic Aspects of Ballistics 29
Class and Individual Characteristics of Bullets 32 Comparison of Bullets 32 Cartridge Cases 35 National Integrated Ballistic Information Network 37 Base Markings on Bullets 37 Examination of Bullets for Tissue and Foreign Material 39 DNA Typing of Tissue on Bullets and Cartridge Cases 40 Fingerprints and Examination of Firearms for DNA 40 Black Powder Firearms 41 Discharge of a Firearm 42 Hang Fires–Misfires 45 References 45 General References 46
3 Wound Ballistics 47
Theory of Wounding 47 Wounding Characteristics of Handgun and Rifle Bullets 51 Handgun Bullets 51 Centerfire Rifle Bullets 52 References 55 General References 55
4 Introduction to the Classification of Gunshot Wounds 57
Contact Wounds 57 Hard-Contact Wounds 57 Loose-Contact Wounds 57 Angled-Contact Wounds 58 Incomplete-Contact Wounds 60 Near-Contact Wounds 60 Near-Contact Angled Wounds 61 Intermediate-Range Wounds 62 Angled Intermediate Gunshot Wounds 65 Distant Gunshot Wounds 65 Soot 65 Cylinder Gap 66 Silencers: Sound Suppressors 67 Muzzle Brakes/Compensators 69 Flash Suppressors 69 Gas Ports/Vents 71 Miscellaneous Powder Patterns 72 Entrance Wounds 72 Entrance versus Exit 77 Wounds of the Palm and Soles 78 Microtears 78 Distant Range Stellate Wounds of the Head 80 Microscopic Examination of Gunshot Wounds 80 Fate of Tissue from Entrance and Exit Defects 82 Exit Wounds 82 Graze/Tangential/Superficial Perforating Entrance Wounds 86 Reentry Wounds 86 Intermediary Targets 89 Stippling: Powder Tattooing and Pseudopowder Tattooing 91 Pseudosoot 93 Ricochet Bullets 95 Bone 99 Atypical Bullet Wounds of the Skull 102 Gutter Wounds 102 Keyhole Entrance Wound of Bone 102 Nonpenetrating Fatal Cranial Cavity Wounds 103 Intracranial Pressure Waves and Secondary Fractures of the Skull 103 Pseudoexit Wounds 104 Caliber Determination from Entrance Wounds in Skin and Bone 104 Bullet Wipe 105 Backspatter 105 Gunshots through Glass 106 References 107
5 Wounds due to Handguns 109
Handgun Wounds 109 Contact Wounds 109 Near-Contact Wounds 117 Gas Injuries 117 Intermediate-Range Wounds 118 Cylinder Gap 126 Distant Wounds 126 Timed Test Firings 127 Muzzle Velocity of Saturday Night Specials 127 Addendum: Centerfire Handgun Cartridges 127 .25 ACP (6.35 × 16) 128 .32 ACP (7.65 × 17SR) 128 .32 Smith & Wesson and .32 Smith & Wesson Long 128 .38 Smith & Wesson (9 × 20R) 128 .38 Special 129 .357 Magnum 129 .357 Sig 129 .380 ACP (9 × 17 mm, 9 mm Kurz, 9 mm Corto, 9 mm Browning Short) 129 9 × 18 mm Makarov 129 .38 Colt Super Auto (9 × 23SR) 130 9 mm Luger (9 mm Parabellum; 9 × 19 mm) 130 .40 Smith & Wesson 130 .45 ACP (11.43 × 23) 130 .44 Smith & Wesson Magnum 130 References 131
6 Wounds from Rimfire Firearms 133
.22 Magnum 133 .22 Short, Long, and Long Rifle Cartridges 134 .22 Ammunition 136 .22 Short Cartridge 136 .22 Long Ammunition 137 .22 Long Rifle Ammunition 137 Hyper-Velocity .22s 137 Miscellaneous .22 Rimfire Ammunition 138 Segmented Hollow-Point Bullets 138 Subsonic Ammunition 138 Shot Cartridges 138 BB and CB Caps 138 .22 Blanks 138 Frangible Rimfire Ammunition 138 Electroplated CCI Rimfire Ammunition 139 Lead-Free .22 Rimfire Ammunition 139 .177 Rimfire Ammunition 139 Wounds due to Rimfire Ammunition 140 Contact Wounds .22 Short 140 Contact Wounds with .22 Long Rifle and .22 Magnum Cartridges 140 Intermediate-Range Wounds: .22 Short, Long, and Long Rifle and Magnum 141 Distant Wounds: .22 Short, Long, and Long Rifle 143 References 143 General References 143
7 Wounds from Centerfire Rifles 145
Muskets 145 Breech-Loading Rifles 147 Smokeless Powder and Modern Ammunition 147 History of the Intermediate Rifle Cartridges 150 Theory of Wounding 151 Centerfire Rifle Bullets 152 Centerfire Rifle Wounds 157 Contact Wounds of the Head 157 Contact Wounds of the Chest and Abdomen 158 Intermediate-Range and Distant Wounds 160 Powder Tattooing 161 Muzzle Brake/Compensator 165 X-Rays 165 Perforating Tendency of Centerfire Rifle Bullets 166 Intermediary Targets 166 Soot-Like Residues: Pseudo-Soot 168 Assault Rifles 169 AK-47 Round: 7.62 × 39 mm 172 Miscellaneous Military Ammunition 173 7.92 × 33 mm 173 7.62 × 51 mm FMJ 174 7.62 × 54 mm R (Rimmed Case) 174 Military Ammunition Converted to Sporting Ammunition 174 Addendum: Common American Rifle Calibers 174 5.56 × 45 mm (.223) 175 5.45 × 39 175 243 Winchester (6.16 × 51 mm) 175 .270 Winchester 175 7 mm Magnum 175 7.62 × 39 175 .30 M-1 Carbine (7.62 × 33 mm) 176 .30-30 Winchester 176 .30-06 Springfield (7.62 × 63 mm) 176 .308 Winchester (7.62 × 51 mm) 176 7.62 × 54R (7.62 mm Mosin–Nagant) 176 References 177 General Reference 177
8 Wounds from Shotguns 179
Shotgun Ammunition 181 Shot 189 Birdshot–Buckshot 191 Birdshot 192 Buckshot Ammunition 192 Shotgun Slugs 196 Wound Ballistics of the Shotgun 198 Shotgun Wounds 199 General Discussion 199 Wounds due to Slugs 199 Contact Wounds of the Head 201 Intermediate- and Close-Range Wounds of the Head 206 Contact Wounds of the Trunk 206 Intermediate-Range Wounds of the Body 209 Distant Wounds 209 Wounds from Buckshot 215 Miscellaneous Observations 217 Mobility Following Shotgun Wound 217 Muzzle Break–Compensator 217 Pseudopetal Marks 218 Pellet Holes in Window Screens 218 Sawed-Off Shotguns 219 Shotgun Diverters 219 Automatic Ejection of Fired Hulls 220 Shotgun Ammunition Manufacturers 220 Miscellaneous Shotgun Ammunition 220 Shotgun Ammunition Loaded with Material other than Pellets or Slug 223 Taurus Judge 223 References 223
9 Bloody Bodies and Bloody Scenes 225
Physical Activity Following Gunshot Wounds 225 Exsanguination 227 Wounds Seen in the Emergency Room 228 Minimal Velocities Necessary to Perforate Skin 229 Bullet Emboli 231 Gunshot Wounds of the Brain 233 Bone Chips 233 Secondary Fractures of the Skull 233 Shape of the Bullet Tracks 233 Point of Lodgment of the Bullet 234 Intrauterine Gunshot Wounds 235 Lead Poisoning from Retained Bullets 236 Location of Fatal Gunshot Wounds 237 Behavior of Ammunition and Gunpowder in Fires 238 Blunt Force Injuries from Firearms 239 Multiple Gunshot Wounds through One Entrance 240 Falling Bullets 241 Reaction–Response Times in Handgun Shootings 241 Nonlethal/Less-Lethal Ballistic Weapons 243 References 243
10 Weapons and Ammunition: Miscellaneous 245
Air/Nonpowder Guns 245 Paintballs 249 Zip Guns 250 Nail Guns and Powder-Actuated Tools 251 Captive Bolt Devices (Pistols) 252 Bang Stick, Power Head, or Shark Stick 253 Sympathetic Discharge of Rimfire Firearms 253 Bullets without Rifling Marks 255 Elongated Bullets 256 Cast Bullets 256 Sabot Ammunition 257 Tandem Bullets 258 Handgun Ammunition 259 Hollow-Point Design 260 Silvertip® Handgun Ammunition 260 Black Talon® 260 Supreme® SXT® 261 Hydra-Shok® 261 Glaser Ammunition 261 FlexLock® Bullets 262 Exploding Ammunition 262 NYCLAD® Revolver Cartridges 264 Blitz-Action-Trauma Bullet 264 Multiple Bullet Loadings 265 Lead-Free Ammunition 265 KTW and Its Legacy 266 Handgun Shot Cartridges 267 Plastic Training Ammunition 268 Flechettes 269 Rubber and Plastic Bullets 269 Blank Cartridge Injuries 270 Interchangeability of Ammunition in Weapons 272 Markings and Foreign Material on Bullets 274 Effect of Environmental Temperature on Bullet Velocity 275 References 275
11 X-Rays 277
Virtual Autopsy: Virtopsy® 285 References 285
12 Detection of Gunshot Residues 287
Gunshot Residue 287 Methods of Analyzing Gunshot Residues 289 SEM–EDX 292 Trace Metal Detection Technique 294 Gunshot Wounds through Clothing 295 Bullet Wipe 297 Analytical Examination of Clothing for Range Determination 298 Modified Griess Test 298 Sodium Rhodizonate Test 299 Dithiooxamide Test 299 EDX for Examination of Clothes 299 Fiber Examination of Clothing for the Direction of Fire 300 Range Determination in Decomposed Bodies 300 References 302
13 Correct Handling of Deaths from Firearms 305 Autopsy Report 308 Who Should Perform the Autopsy? 311 Reference 311
14 Suicide by Firearms 313
Suicide by Firearms 313 Handguns 316 Suicides due to Long Arms 319 Shotguns 320 Centerfire Rifles 321 Gunshot Wound Suicides: Miscellaneous 321 Multiple Gunshot Wound Suicides 321 Suicidal Gunshot Wound Combined with Other Methods 322 Suicide Scenes 323 One Shot Suicide Homicide 323 Objections to Suicide Ruling 323 Movement of Firearms at the Scene 323 Guns Found in the Hand 323 Backspatter (Blow Back) on the Hands of Shooters in Cases of Suicide 325 Backspatter (Blow Back) on Weapons in Cases of Contact Wounds 325 “Russian Roulette” 326 Homicide versus Suicide: “Suicide by Cop” 326 Accidental Deaths from Firearms 328 Rifles and Shotguns 332 Slam-Fires 333 More Guns: More Accidents, Homicides, and Suicides? 333 References 334
Appendix A: Stopping Power and Hollow-Point Pistol Ammunition 335 Appendix B: Forensic Autopsy in Gunshot Wound Cases 339 Index 345
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