Название: Integrated CAD by Optimization: Architecture, Engineering, Construction, Urban Development and Management
Автор: B.K. Chakrabarty
Издательство: Springer
Год: 2022
Страниц: 696
Язык: английский
Формат: pdf (true), epub
Размер: 30.7 MB

This book presents range of topics concerning integrated CAD (including Optimization) for use in Architecture (including Planning), Civil Engineering and Construction (AEC), and thus, helps introduce a full-length treatment of the subject, enabling practitioners to adopt an Integrated Computer-Aided Design Approach in their professional activity. The book gives to readers an understanding of the main elements of CAD, highlighting the importance of integrating these elements and the applicability of Integrated CAD in AEC. Many examples and problems (including Optimization) are included to help professionals and students to develop and apply such tools in solving problems in AEC field.

Computer-Aided Design (CAD), quantitative analysis, and optimization are important application areas and essential elements of emerging and all-pervasive information technology. Today, Information Technology (IT) and computer applications are everywhere shrinking the effects of time and distance, and altering the very nature of work in an organization and in all sectors of society in almost all countries in the world, irrespective of their income or development statuses. It is viewed as the second Industrial Revolution by many writers and is generating a wide range of fundamental questions in all sectors of society needing urgent answers. Many sectors of society and knowledge disciplines have already initiated actions for adequate response to this new challenge. This is equally applicable in the knowledge disciplines of Architecture (including Urban Planning), Engineering-Civil-Building Engineering, and Construction (usually classified as AEC sector), in various countries. Hence, it is desirable that the AEC sector in various countries initiates vigorous and comprehensive actions for adequate response to this new challenge.

In recent years, there is tremendous increase in capabilities of computer hardwares and graphics. As a result, there are unparalleled transformations in computers in terms of their capacity to capture data, to analyse, manipulate, and store them, to disseminate and communicate information, and to apply these capabilities in different areas and fields of specialization including optimization. Such transformations are occurring with increasing rapidity and frequency in many areas. The rate at which IT and Computer Applications are spreading to various sectors is truly extraordinary and has few, if any, parallels in the technological history. The pervasiveness and cheapness of IT are influencing the way we live, work, and enjoy ourselves. AEC sector and its professionals cannot remain aloof from such influences to ensure that they remain modernized and relevant.

The adoption of IT and CAD in various fields has accelerated with recent advances in microcomputer technology and graphics. As a result, computer-assisted design analysis, optimization, and graphics no longer a luxury only for a few large companies that can afford mainframe computers. Engineers, Architects, Planners, and Urban Managers everywhere have now access to better and cheaper computer hardware and software to produce sophisticated computer analysis, optimization, graphics, and drafting. The capabilities of computer hardware and graphics are increasing so rapidly that software engineers in various fields are constantly finding new applications of this technology in various aspects of design work. Information technology and computers are also playing a significant role in addressing various social, environmental, and development issues for a just society with informed public participation in the decision-making process on such issues, which is very relevant in AEC. For example, even a lay user citizen can use the software CAUB, described in later chapters, to find suitable (even optimum) values of built-form-element in a site-specific-case, to have an informed and meaningful dialogue with the Planning Authority (fixing planning norms) to arrive at a consensus in such matters, resolving conflicting viewpoints of diverse stakeholders. This makes it imperative for the Planning Authority and AEC professionals to develop and use such IT tools in their operations to make them more efficient and effective avoiding any redundancy.

High-level computer languages have been developed in Artificial Intelligence (AI) research demonstrating reasoning and drawing conclusions and ultimately helping decision-making, creating exciting possibility of using information technology and computers for solving difficult intellectual problems of a non-numerical character. Expert systems can be viewed as a subset of artificial Intelligence.

Several software for urban development design analysis and drafting-drawing (CAUB/CADUB), urban development design optimization and drafting-drawing (HudCAD), and for structural design optimization and drafting-drawing (RCCAD) are presented with source code listings.

The generation of line motions, required in most applications, is achieved by suitable programmed LISP routines inside the CADD software called device drivers (e.g. device drives by AutoDesk, Inc), and it is the device driver that enables the VDT to produce movable line segments. When unique CADD graphics, requirements cannot be satisfied using existing LISP routines, the designer can write special purpose AutoLISP routines that provide direct control of line segments and generation of graphic shapes as desired. Commercial CADD software such as AutoSketch is a product for CADD users who can gain experience without drowning in a sea of CADD commands and options with emphasis on basic principles rather than on learning how a graphics system work. Just as word processors have changed the ease and speed with which reports are written, AutoSketch is changing how designers gather information, and using this approach, a designer can create clean, precise images, and revise notes and drawings without having to redraw. GenCADD Architectural/Civil Series is for use by architects, space planners, homebuilders, facility planners, interior designers, landscape architects, and civil engineers. AutoCAD is the largest single and most expensive commercial software package, but is only one of several available.

There are two general classifications for graphic software, namely general programming packages and special purpose application packages. A general programming package usually includes an extensive set of graphics functions that can be used in a high level language such as C and C++. An example of general-purpose graphics programming package is the standard library graphic functions, interactive graphics, direct access colour graphics, and so on provided in C++. AutoLISP can also be considered as an example of general-purpose graphics programming package. Basic functions in a general package include those for generating picture components (includes graphic primitives) such as straight lines, polygons, circles, and other figures. Application graphic packages are designed for non-programmers so that users can generate displays without worrying about how the specific application graphics package works. RCCAD and HUDCAD presented in Chaps. 8 and 9, and other chapters are application graphic packages developed and designed for non-programmers and AEC professionals.

AutoLISP is the implementation of the LISP programming language embedded within the AutoCAD, and it allows users and software program developers to write programs and functions that are well suited to graphics applications. In order to only illustrate the procedure for integrated CADD by optimization using both AutoLISP and C++, a simple AutoLISP Graphic Program ‘boxa.lsp’ in AutoLISP for a box is developed and presented below.

Adopts a problem solving approach in planning, design, and management stressing IT and Computer Application in AEC sector as a whole;
Emphasizes resource-efficiency and social equity in problem solution in the AEC sector in general, and in urban development and management in particular;
Stresses optimization and an integrated approach covering all components, including costs, affordability and environmental factors, scarcity of resources, and resolution of conflicting interests;
Includes an accessible overview and source codes of C++ and Auto Lisp programs needed to carry out design analysis, optimization and drafting-drawing in an integrated manner.

Contents:
1. Integrated Computer-Aided Design by Optimization: An Overview
2. Urbanization, Urban Management, and Computer-Aided Planning and Design
3. Elements of Numerical Techniques and Operations Research for CAD
4. Elements of Cost Engineering and Database Management in Computer-Aided Design
5. Elements of Computer Graphics and Architectural and Engineering Drafting
6. Planning and Design Analysis in Urban Development and Management and a Theory of Optimal Urban-Built-Form
7. Optimization Techniques and Design Optimization
8. Integrated Computer-Aided Structural Design by Optimization
9. Integrated Computer-Aided Buildings and Housing Design by Optimization
10. Integrated Computer-Aided Layout Planning and Design by Optimization
11. Integrated Computer-Aided Dwelling-Layout Systems Design by Optimization